Cicuta is a small genus of four species of highly poisonous flowering plants in the family Apiaceae. They are perennial herbaceous plants which grow up to 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) tall, having distinctive small green or white flowers arranged in an umbrella shape (umbel). Commonly known as water hemlock, plants in this genus may also be referred to as Cowbane or Poison Parsnip.

Cicuta is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, mainly North America and Europe, typically growing in wet meadows, along streambanks and other wet and marshy areas. These plants bear a close resemblance to other members of the family Apiaceae and may be confused with a number of other edible and poisonous plants. The common name hemlock may also be confused with poison hemlock (Conium maculatum).

Water hemlock is considered one of North America's most toxic plants being highly poisonous to humans. Three members of the genus contain a toxin named cicutoxin which causes central nervous system stimulatory effects including seizures following ingestion. Medical treatment of poisoning may include the use of activated charcoal to decrease gastrointestinal absorption of the toxic principle along with supportive care including anticonvulsant drugs such as a benzodiazepine.

High doses of anticonvulsant medicine are often required to halt seizure activity and further medical care including intubation and mechanical ventilation may be required. Cicuta spp. are perennial plants that are all similar in morphology, growing up to a maximum of 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) in height.

The stem of the plant is branching, erect, smooth and hollow (except for partitions at the junction of the leaves and stem), sometimes being purple-striped, or mottled (typically only C. Malculata has the purple stripes or spots). Attached to the base of the stem is a tuberous root with thickened rootstocks.

The rootstocks are multichambered and contain a yellowish oily liquid which turns reddish brown on exposure to air and emits a characteristic smell of raw parsnip. The alternate leaves are 2 or 3 pinnately compound. The leaflets are lanceolate, serrate, 5 to 10 cm in length, and sharply toothed.

The flowers are small with green or white petals clustered in an umbrella shape (umbel) characteristic to this family; the umbel measures 5 to 10 cm across. The plants produce a cyclindrical fruit which is 4 to 6 mm in length.

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