In metrology, measurement uncertainty describes a region about an observed value of a physical quantity, also called a measurand, which is likely to enclose the true value of that quantity. Assessing and reporting measurement uncertainty is fundamental in engineering and experimental sciences such as physics, and is very important also in laboratory medicine. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has standardized on a definition of uncertainty in both the VIM and the GUM as: Because the terms systematic and random uncertainties are in some sense ambiguous.

To avoid further confusion the ISO has agreed in the same documents to characterize uncertainty into what are called Type A and Type B uncertainties. Type A uncertainties are those that are evaluated by statistical methods, and Type B uncertainties are evaluated by other means.

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