The New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act is a New Zealand law passed by the Fourth Labour Government in 1987 "to establish in New Zealand a Nuclear Free Zone, to promote and encourage an active and effective contribution by New Zealand to the essential process of disarmament and international arms control". It also implemented a number of treaties in New Zealand, including the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty and the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The act established the New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone comprising all New Zealand territory (including ocean territory and airspace) and prohibited "entry into the internal waters of New Zealand by any ship whose propulsion is wholly or partly dependent on nuclear power" and banned the dumping of radioactive waste within the nuclear-free zone, as well as prohibiting any New Zealand citizen or resident "to manufacture, acquire, possess, or have any control over any nuclear explosive device." Similar provisions were made for biological weapons.

Immunity from the law was granted to ships and aircraft exercising the right of innocent passage and/or the right of transit passage (in accordance with international law). The act established a 'Public Advisory Committee on Disarmament and Arms Control' "To advise the Minister of Foreign Affairs on such aspects of disarmament and arms control matters as it thinks fit." Offences against the act are punishable by imprisonment, "for a term not exceeding 10 years". It denoted a massive change in New Zealand's nuclear stance, as it now completely banned any association with nuclear weapons.

Anti-nuclear sentiment had triggered the election of 1984. In the context of a global nuclear free movement caused by mounting Cold War tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union, visits to New Zealand by US navy ships caused publicity and protest. In June 1984 Labour MP Richard Prebble introduced a bill (one of a series since the 1970s) to ban nuclear armed and powered ships, as well as nuclear reactors and waste.

The National government at the time had a majority of one, and MP Marilyn Waring crossed the floor to support the nuclear free legislation. Prime Minister Robert Muldoon claimed that Waring's "feminist anti-nuclear stance" threatened his ability to govern, and called a snap election. After winning the election Labour entered office with the intention of declaring New Zealand nuclear free; the party had proposed to renegotiate the ANZUS treaty to incorporate a nuclear free nation.

The critical moment in relations with the US came when in 1985 when New Zealand refused a request from the destroyer USS Buchanan (DDG-14) on the grounds that it was capable of carrying nuclear weapons. The US subsequently suspended its obligations to New Zealand under the ANZUS treaty..

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