The Republic (original title in Ancient Greek: Πολιτεία/"Politeía", meaning "city-state governance") is a Socratic dialogue by Plato, written c. 380 BC. It is one of the most influential works of philosophy and political theory, and Plato's best known work.

In Plato's fictional dialogues the characters of Socrates as well as various Athenians and foreigners discuss the meaning of justice and examine whether the just man is happier than the unjust man by imagining a society ruled by philosopher-kings and the guardians. The dialogue also discusses the role of the philosopher, Plato's Theory of Forms, the place of poetry, and the immortality of the soul. The title of the Republic in Greek, politeía, literally means the order or character of a political community, i.e., its constitution or regime type.

For various reasons, this was rendered in Latin as res publica, the "public business" or the "commonwealth". Greek works used to be referred to by their Latin or Latinized titles, and so Plato's dialogue came to be known in English as the Republic. It is not, however, primarily a work on republicanism in the modern sense of the term.

Regardless, the title of the Republic is still used on account of that tradition. The scene of the dialogue is the house of Polemarchus at Piraeus, a city-port connected to Athens by the Long Walls. Socrates was not known to venture outside Athens regularly.

The whole dialogue is narrated by Socrates the day after it actually took place - possibly to Timaeus, Hermocrates, Critias and another unnamed person, but this interpretation is somewhat uncertain. In addition to the named characters, there are several members of the Piraean religious procession present.

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